Upgrade Debian CI image from Bookworm to Trixie

Hi,

Debian Trixie CI images are generated now [1], so the attached patch
uses them with the following changes:

(copying from commit message)

- detect_stack_use_after_return=0 option is added to the ASAN_OPTIONS
because ASAN uses a "shadow stack" to track stack variable lifetimes
and this confuses Postgres' stack depth check [2].

- Perl is updated to the newer version (perl5.40-i386-linux-gnu).

- LLVM-14 is no longer default installation, no need to force using
LLVM-16.

- Switch MinGW CC/CXX to x86_64-w64-mingw32ucrt-* to fix build failure
from missing _iswctype_l in mingw-w64 v12 headers.

Please note that this patch can be applied to the master only, other
branches have conflicts. I can work on back-patches when the patch is
ready to commit.

Any feedback would be appreciated.

[1] https://github.com/anarazel/pg-vm-images/commit/35a144793f
[2] https://postgr.es/m/20240130212304.q66rquj5es4375ab%40awork3.anarazel.de

--
Regards,
Nazir Bilal Yavuz
Microsoft