pgsql: Fix data checksum processing for temp relations and dropped data

Fix data checksum processing for temp relations and dropped databases

When building the list of temporary relations to wait for, the code
previously included temporary relations without storage, such as
temporary views, even though they are irrelevant to checksum
processing. As a result, enabling data checksums could wait for a
long-lived session that owned only a temporary view.

This commit fixes the issue by filtering temporary relations with storage
only, matching the existing behavior for non-temporary relations.

Also, when enabling data checksums online, the launcher assigns the
first worker to process shared catalogs and prevents later workers from
doing so. Previously, if that worker's database was dropped after it
had been selected for processing but before checksum processing began,
the worker failed without processing the shared catalogs, yet they were
still marked as processed. As a result, later workers skipped them, and
checksum enabling could complete successfully even though the shared
catalogs had never been processed.

This commit fixes the issue by marking shared catalogs as processed
only after a worker completes successfully.

Author: Fujii Masao <masao(dot)fujii(at)gmail(dot)com>
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyota(dot)ntt(at)gmail(dot)com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson <daniel(at)yesql(dot)se>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHGQGwGDHAQw=bmpRzk+EmKzVtxZiD5YDurMUffBMwr6WXugQA@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 19

Branch
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REL_19_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/c479ea58e7798b8cab8b8a4ca9e6ce3e292a3f17

Modified Files
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src/backend/postmaster/datachecksum_state.c | 24 ++++++++++++++++--------
1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)