pgsql: Avoid mislabeling of lateral references, redux.

Avoid mislabeling of lateral references, redux.

As I'd feared, commit 5c9d8636d was still a few bricks shy of a load.
We can't just leave pulled-up lateral-reference Vars with no new
nullingrels: we have to carefully compute what subset of the
to-be-replaced Var's nullingrels apply to them, else we still get
"wrong varnullingrels" errors. This is a bit tedious, but it looks
like we can use the nullingrel data this patch computes for other
purposes, enabling better optimization. We don't want to inject
unnecessary plan changes into stable branches though, so leave that
idea for a later HEAD-only patch.

Patch by me, but thanks to Richard Guo for devising a test case that
broke 5c9d8636d, and for preliminary investigation about how to fix
it. As before, back-patch to v16.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1tGn4j-0003zi-MP@gemulon.postgresql.org

Branch
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REL_17_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/78883cd90511176bda3333a92b1cc3f65a66ad7f

Modified Files
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src/backend/optimizer/prep/prepjointree.c | 171 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
src/test/regress/expected/subselect.out | 51 +++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/subselect.sql | 15 +++
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 1 +
4 files changed, 233 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)