pgsql: Fix MVCC bug with prepared xact with subxacts on standby

Fix MVCC bug with prepared xact with subxacts on standby

We did not recover the subtransaction IDs of prepared transactions
when starting a hot standby from a shutdown checkpoint. As a result,
such subtransactions were considered as aborted, rather than
in-progress. That would lead to hint bits being set incorrectly, and
the subtransactions suddenly becoming visible to old snapshots when
the prepared transaction was committed.

To fix, update pg_subtrans with prepared transactions's subxids when
starting hot standby from a shutdown checkpoint. The snapshots taken
from that state need to be marked as "suboverflowed", so that we also
check the pg_subtrans.

Backport to all supported versions.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/6b852e98-2d49-4ca1-9e95-db419a2696e0@iki.fi

Branch
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REL_16_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/b5b418b689ec5d3807b0eea34e58166191e18499

Modified Files
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src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c | 7 +++---
src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c | 14 ++++++-----
src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c | 18 +++++++++++---
src/backend/storage/ipc/standby.c | 6 ++---
src/include/storage/standby.h | 10 +++++++-
src/test/recovery/t/009_twophase.pl | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 1 +
7 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)