pgsql: Fix division-by-zero error in to_char() with 'EEEE' format.

Fix division-by-zero error in to_char() with 'EEEE' format.

This fixes a long-standing bug when using to_char() to format a
numeric value in scientific notation -- if the value's exponent is
less than -NUMERIC_MAX_DISPLAY_SCALE-1 (-1001), it produced a
division-by-zero error.

The reason for this error was that get_str_from_var_sci() divides its
input by 10^exp, which it produced using power_var_int(). However, the
underflow test in power_var_int() causes it to return zero if the
result scale is too small. That's not a problem for power_var_int()'s
only other caller, power_var(), since that limits the rscale to 1000,
but in get_str_from_var_sci() the exponent can be much smaller,
requiring a much larger rscale. Fix by introducing a new function to
compute 10^exp directly, with no rscale limit. This also allows 10^exp
to be computed more efficiently, without any numeric multiplication,
division or rounding.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCWhojfH4whaqgUKBe8D5jNHB8ytzemL-PnRx+KCTyMXmg@mail.gmail.com

Branch
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REL_10_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/661558bc35c7d0cd10640e7a2a065391ec769a7d

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/utils/adt/numeric.c | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------
src/test/regress/expected/numeric.out | 33 ++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/numeric.sql | 8 +++++
3 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)