pgsql: Avoid pushing quals down into sub-queries that have grouping set

Avoid pushing quals down into sub-queries that have grouping sets.

The trouble with doing this is that an apparently-constant subquery
output column isn't really constant if it is a grouping column that
appears in only some of the grouping sets. A qual using such a
column would be subject to incorrect const-folding after push-down,
as seen in bug #16585 from Paul Sivash.

To fix, just disable qual pushdown altogether if the sub-query has
nonempty groupingSets. While we could imagine far less restrictive
solutions, there is not much point in working harder right now,
because subquery_planner() won't move HAVING clauses to WHERE within
such a subquery. If the qual stays in HAVING it's not going to be
a lot more useful than if we'd kept it at the outer level.

Having said that, this restriction could be removed if we used a
parsetree representation that distinguished such outputs from actual
constants, which is something I hope to do in future. Hence, make
the patch a minimal addition rather than integrating it more tightly
(e.g. by renumbering the existing items in subquery_is_pushdown_safe's
comment).

Back-patch to 9.5 where grouping sets were introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16585-9d8c340d23ade8c1@postgresql.org

Branch
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REL_13_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/de627adaad3a161b3ae0cafeb76c20519845799b

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/optimizer/path/allpaths.c | 15 ++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/expected/groupingsets.out | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/groupingsets.sql | 16 +++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 63 insertions(+)