pgsql: Compute XID horizon for page level index vacuum on primary.

Compute XID horizon for page level index vacuum on primary.

Previously the xid horizon was only computed during WAL replay. That
had two major problems:
1) It relied on knowing what the table pointed to looks like. That was
easy enough before the introducing of tableam (we knew it had to be
heap, although some trickery around logging the heap relfilenodes
was required). But to properly handle table AMs we need
per-database catalog access to look up the AM handler, which
recovery doesn't allow.
2) Not knowing the xid horizon also makes it hard to support logical
decoding on standbys. When on a catalog table, we need to be able
to conflict with slots that have an xid horizon that's too old. But
computing the horizon by visiting the heap only works once
consistency is reached, but we always need to be able to detect
conflicts.

There's also a secondary problem, in that the current method performs
redundant work on every standby. But that's counterbalanced by
potentially computing the value when not necessary (either because
there's no standby, or because there's no connected backends).

Solve 1) and 2) by moving computation of the xid horizon to the
primary and by involving tableam in the computation of the horizon.

To address the potentially increased overhead, increase the efficiency
of the xid horizon computation for heap by sorting the tids, and
eliminating redundant buffer accesses. When prefetching is available,
additionally perform prefetching of buffers. As this is more of a
maintenance task, rather than something routinely done in every read
only query, we add an arbitrary 10 to the effective concurrency -
thereby using IO concurrency, when not globally enabled. That's
possibly not the perfect formula, but seems good enough for now.

Bumps WAL format, as latestRemovedXid is now part of the records, and
the heap's relfilenode isn't anymore.

Author: Andres Freund, Amit Khandekar, Robert Haas
Reviewed-By: Robert Haas
Discussion:
https://postgr.es/m/20181212204154.nsxf3gzqv3gesl32@alap3.anarazel.de
https://postgr.es/m/20181214014235.dal5ogljs3bmlq44@alap3.anarazel.de
https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Branch
------
master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/558a9165e081d1936573e5a7d576f5febd7fb55a

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/access/hash/hash_xlog.c | 153 +--------------------
src/backend/access/hash/hashinsert.c | 17 ++-
src/backend/access/heap/heapam.c | 221 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/backend/access/heap/heapam_handler.c | 1 +
src/backend/access/index/genam.c | 37 ++++++
src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtpage.c | 8 +-
src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtxlog.c | 156 +---------------------
src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/hashdesc.c | 5 +-
src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/nbtdesc.c | 3 +-
src/include/access/genam.h | 5 +
src/include/access/hash_xlog.h | 2 +-
src/include/access/heapam.h | 4 +
src/include/access/nbtxlog.h | 3 +-
src/include/access/tableam.h | 19 +++
src/include/access/xlog_internal.h | 2 +-
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list | 1 +
16 files changed, 316 insertions(+), 321 deletions(-)