pgsql: Fix BRIN free space computations

Fix BRIN free space computations

A bug in the original free space computation made it possible to
return a page which wasn't actually able to fit the item. Since the
insertion code isn't prepared to deal with PageAddItem failing, a PANIC
resulted ("failed to add BRIN tuple [to new page]"). Add a macro to
encapsulate the correct computation, and use it in
brin_getinsertbuffer's callers before calling that routine, to raise an
early error.

I became aware of the possiblity of a problem in this area while working
on ccc4c074994d734. There's no archived discussion about it, but it's
easy to reproduce a problem in the unpatched code with something like

CREATE TABLE t (a text);
CREATE INDEX ti ON t USING brin (a) WITH (pages_per_range=1);

for length in `seq 8000 8196`
do
psql -f - <<EOF
TRUNCATE TABLE t;
INSERT INTO t VALUES ('z'), (repeat('a', $length));
EOF
done

Backpatch to 9.5, where BRIN was introduced.

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
http://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/21a4e4a4c9fe417e2462b6f90f6b0e49e32ceba6

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/access/brin/brin_pageops.c | 63 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
1 file changed, 43 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)