BUG #19030: Hash join leads to extremely high memory usage

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference: 19030
Logged by: Marc-Olaf Jaschke
Email address: moj(at)dshare(dot)de
PostgreSQL version: 17.6
Operating system: Linux
Description:

Description
- Two tables, left join
- The left table has significantly fewer rows than the right table
- The left table has very large rows (many columns with high memory usage)
- The left table has many null values in the join column
- A hash join is used
- The hash node is built from the left table
- The query results in extremely high memory usage (100x work_mem in the
example, > 1000x in real case)
- Reliably causing a PostgreSQL server to crash in production
- With enable_hashjoin = false, the query runs without any issues

Example
- Simplified artificial example – but I hope it simulates a real problem on
a production system well.
- Simulate large rows with one big column
- Running the newest version with mostly default settings

==========================================

select version();
-- > PostgreSQL 17.6 (Debian 17.6-1.pgdg13+1) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu,
compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit

show work_mem;
-- > 4MB

show hash_mem_multiplier;
-- > 2

-- speed up the test case
set default_toast_compression = lz4;

-- show high memory usage without crashing the server
set max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 0;

create table left_ as
select
case when i% 2 = 0 then i::text end c,
repeat('x', 10_000) big
from
generate_series(1, 10_000_000) i;

create table right_ as
select
case when i% 2 = 0 then i::text end c
from
generate_series(1, 20_000_000) i;

analyze left_, right_;

explain (analyze, memory)
select
*
from
left_
natural left join
right_;

-- > Buckets: 131072 (originally 131072) Batches: 131072 (originally 256)
Memory Usage: 440482kB