macOS SIP, next try

Previous discussions on macOS SIP:

https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/561E73AB.8060800%40gmx.net
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CA%2BTgmoYGi5oR8Rvb2-SY1_WEjd76H5gCqSukxFQ66qR7MewWAQ%40mail.gmail.com
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/6a4d6124-41f0-756b-0811-c5c5def7ef4b%402ndquadrant.com

Tests that use a temporary installation (i.e., make check) use a
platform-specific environment variable to make programs and libraries
find shared libraries in the temporary installation rather than in the
actual configured installation target directory. On macOS, this is
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH. Ever since System Integrity Protection (SIP)
arrived, this hasn't worked anymore, because DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH gets
disabled by the system (in somewhat obscure ways). The workaround was
to either disable SIP or to do make install before make check.

The solution here is to use install_name_tool to edit the shared library
path in the binaries (programs and libraries) after installation into
the temporary prefix.

The solution is, I think, correct in principle, but the implementation
is hackish, since it hardcodes the names and versions of the interesting
shared libraries in an unprincipled way. More refinement is needed
here. Ideas welcome.

In order to allow all that, we need to link everything with the option
-headerpad_max_install_names so that there is enough room in the
binaries to put in the temporary path in place of the original one.
(The temporary path is strictly longer than the original one.) This
bloats the binaries, so it might only be appropriate for development
builds and should perhaps be hidden behind some option. Ideas also
welcome here.

The attached patch works for me. You can see that it disables setting
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, but the tests still work. Verification on other
system variantions welcome, of course.

Comments welcome. I think this direction is promising, but some details
need to be addressed.