BUG #18314: PARALLEL UNSAFE function does not prevent parallel index build

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference: 18314
Logged by: Alexander Lakhin
Email address: exclusion(at)gmail(dot)com
PostgreSQL version: 16.1
Operating system: Ubuntu 22.04
Description:

When planner chooses to perform parallel index build, it doesn't
check whether functions used in an index expression or predicate are
parallel-safe. For example:
CREATE FUNCTION f() RETURNS int IMMUTABLE PARALLEL UNSAFE
AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN 0;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
RETURN 1;
END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TABLE t(i int);
INSERT INTO t SELECT g FROM generate_series(1, 300000) g;
CREATE INDEX ON t((i + f()));

results in:
ERROR: cannot start subtransactions during a parallel operation
CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function f() line 2 during statement block entry
parallel worker

Although with 200000 records, the index created with no error.

Reproduced on REL_12_STABLE .. master.