openjade -D . -D ./ref -D ./../graphics -c /usr/local/share/sgml/stylesheets/docbook/catalog -d stylesheet.dsl -i output-html -t sgml book-decl.sgml programmer.sgml openjade:book-decl.sgml:1:55:W: cannot generate system identifier for public text "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" openjade:book-decl.sgml:11:0:E: reference to entity "BOOK" for which no system identifier could be generated openjade:book-decl.sgml:1:0: entity was defined here openjade:book-decl.sgml:11:0:E: DTD did not contain element declaration for document type name openjade:programmer.sgml:7:9:E: there is no attribute "ID" openjade:programmer.sgml:7:21:E: element "BOOK" undefined openjade:programmer.sgml:9:7:E: element "TITLE" undefined openjade:programmer.sgml:10:10:E: element "BOOKINFO" undefined openjade:programmer.sgml:11:13:E: element "CORPAUTHOR" undefined openjade:legal.sgml:5:10:E: element "COPYRIGHT" undefined openjade:legal.sgml:6:6:E: element "YEAR" undefined openjade:legal.sgml:7:8:E: element "HOLDER" 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openjade:intro.sgml:11:8:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:12:16:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:13:40:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:14:15:E: there is no attribute "URL" openjade:intro.sgml:14:75:E: element "ULINK" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:15:16:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:17:41:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:20:13:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:21:13:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:22:13:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:25:8:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:26:16:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:31:8:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:32:16:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:36:13:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:44:44:E: element "QUOTE" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:47:16:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:52:15:E: element "SIMPLELIST" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:53:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:54:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:55:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:59:8:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:62:15:E: element "SIMPLELIST" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:63:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:64:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:65:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:66:12:E: element "MEMBER" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:70:8:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:71:35:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:73:14:E: element "FIRSTTERM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:74:40:E: element "FIRSTTERM" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:77:29:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:intro.sgml:80:51:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:5:19:E: element "SECT1" undefined openjade:history.sgml:6:7:E: element "TITLE" undefined openjade:history.sgml:6:39:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:8:6:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:10:14:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:11:14:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:12:14:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:14:37:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:22:7:E: element "SECT2" undefined openjade:history.sgml:23:8:E: element "TITLE" undefined openjade:history.sgml:23:34:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:25:7:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:26:37:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:27:11:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:29:17:E: there is no attribute "ENDTERM" openjade:history.sgml:29:39:E: there is no attribute "LINKEND" openjade:history.sgml:29:47:E: element "XREF" undefined openjade:history.sgml:32:47:E: element "XREF" undefined openjade:history.sgml:35:49:E: element "XREF" undefined openjade:history.sgml:38:49:E: element "XREF" undefined openjade:history.sgml:39:8:E: end tag for "XREF" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this openjade:history.sgml:38:3: start tag was here openjade:history.sgml:39:8:E: end tag for "XREF" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this openjade:history.sgml:35:3: start tag was here openjade:history.sgml:39:8:E: end tag for "XREF" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this openjade:history.sgml:32:3: start tag was here openjade:history.sgml:39:8:E: end tag for "XREF" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this openjade:history.sgml:29:3: start tag was here openjade:history.sgml:41:7:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:42:15:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:44:47:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:46:49:E: element "XREF" undefined openjade:history.sgml:49:48:E: element "XREF" 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openjade:history.sgml:120:14:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:122:18:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:123:39:E: element "PRODUCTNAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:124:14:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:126:19:E: element "FILENAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:127:30:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:132:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:133:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:135:19:E: element "APPLICATION" undefined openjade:history.sgml:136:20:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:136:44:E: element "FILENAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:140:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:141:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:142:43:E: element "FILENAME" undefined openjade:history.sgml:143:25:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:145:18:E: element "APPLICATION" undefined 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openjade:history.sgml:228:12:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:229:9:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:230:24:E: element "ACRONYM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:236:12:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:237:9:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:history.sgml:243:12:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:history.sgml:244:9:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:5:21:E: element "SECT1" undefined openjade:info.sgml:6:7:E: element "TITLE" undefined openjade:info.sgml:8:6:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:11:15:E: element "VARIABLELIST" undefined openjade:info.sgml:12:16:E: element "VARLISTENTRY" undefined openjade:info.sgml:13:9:E: element "TERM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:14:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:15:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:21:16:E: element "VARLISTENTRY" undefined openjade:info.sgml:22:9:E: element "TERM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:23:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:24:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:31:16:E: element "VARLISTENTRY" undefined openjade:info.sgml:32:9:E: element "TERM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:33:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:34:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:42:16:E: element "VARLISTENTRY" undefined openjade:info.sgml:43:9:E: element "TERM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:44:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:45:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:51:16:E: element "VARLISTENTRY" undefined openjade:info.sgml:52:9:E: element "TERM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:53:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:54:10:E: element "PARA" undefined openjade:info.sgml:60:16:E: element "VARLISTENTRY" undefined openjade:info.sgml:61:9:E: element "TERM" undefined openjade:info.sgml:62:13:E: element "LISTITEM" undefined openjade:I: maximum number of errors (200) reached; change with -E option openjade:stylesheet.dsl:2:73:W: cannot generate system identifier for public text "-//James Clark//DTD DSSSL Style Sheet//EN" openjade:stylesheet.dsl:21:0:E: reference to entity "STYLE-SHEET" for which no system identifier could be generated openjade:stylesheet.dsl:2:0: entity was defined here openjade:stylesheet.dsl:21:0:E: DTD did not contain element declaration for document type name openjade:stylesheet.dsl:10:0:E: notation "DSSSL" for entity "dbstyle" undefined openjade:stylesheet.dsl:23:12:E: element "STYLE-SHEET" undefined openjade:stylesheet.dsl:24:26:E: there is no attribute "USE" openjade:stylesheet.dsl:24:35:E: element "STYLE-SPECIFICATION" undefined openjade:stylesheet.dsl:25:27:E: element "STYLE-SPECIFICATION-BODY" undefined openjade:stylesheet.dsl:89:28:E: there is no attribute "ID" openjade:stylesheet.dsl:89:47:E: there is no attribute "DOCUMENT" openjade:stylesheet.dsl:89:56:E: element "EXTERNAL-SPECIFICATION" undefined openjade:stylesheet.dsl:90:13:E: end tag for "EXTERNAL-SPECIFICATION" omitted, but its declaration does not permit this openjade:stylesheet.dsl:89:1: start tag was here openjade:E: specification document does not have the DSSSL architecture as a base architecture PostgreSQL 7.2 Programmer's Guide The PostgreSQL Global Development Group 1996-2001 PostgreSQL Global Development Group Legal Notice PostgreSQL is Copyright 1996-2001 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group and is distributed under the terms of the license of the University of California below. Postgres95 is Copyright 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTAINANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. Preface What is PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) based on POSTGRES, Version 4.2, developed at the University of California at Berkeley Computer Science Department. The POSTGRES project, led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Army Research Office (ARO), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and ESL, Inc. PostgreSQL is an open-source descendant of this original Berkeley code. It provides SQL92/SQL99 language support and other modern features. POSTGRES pioneered many of the object-relational concepts now becoming available in some commercial databases. Traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS) support a data model consisting of a collection of named relations, containing attributes of a specific type. In current commercial systems, possible types include floating point numbers, integers, character strings, money, and dates. It is commonly recognized that this model is inadequate for future data processing applications. The relational model successfully replaced previous models in part because of its Spartan simplicity. However, as mentioned, this simplicity often makes the implementation of certain applications very difficult. Postgres offers substantial additional power by incorporating the following additional concepts in such a way that users can easily extend the system: inheritance data types functions Other features provide additional power and flexibility: constraints triggers rules transaction integrity These features put Postgres into the category of databases referred to as object-relational. Note that this is distinct from those referred to as object-oriented, which in general are not as well suited to supporting the traditional relational database languages. So, although Postgres has some object-oriented features, it is firmly in the relational database world. In fact, some commercial databases have recently incorporated features pioneered by Postgres. A Short History of Postgres The object-relational database management system now known as PostgreSQL (and briefly called Postgres95) is derived from the Postgres package written at the University of California at Berkeley. With over a decade of development behind it, PostgreSQL is the most advanced open-source database available anywhere, offering multi-version concurrency control, supporting almost all SQL constructs (including subselects, transactions, and user-defined types and functions), and having a wide range of language bindings available (including C, C++, Java, Perl, Tcl, and Python). The Berkeley Postgres Project Implementation of the Postgres DBMS began in 1986. The initial concepts for the system were presented in and the definition of the initial data model appeared in . The design of the rule system at that time was described in . The rationale and architecture of the storage manager were detailed in . Postgres has undergone several major releases since then. The first "demoware" system became operational in 1987 and was shown at the 1988 ACM-SIGMOD Conference. We released Version 1, described in , to a few external users in June 1989. In response to a critique of the first rule system (), the rule system was redesigned () and Version 2 was released in June 1990 with the new rule system. Version 3 appeared in 1991 and added support for multiple storage managers, an improved query executor, and a rewritten rewrite rule system. For the most part, releases until Postgres95 (see below) focused on portability and reliability. Postgres has been used to implement many different research and production applications. These include: a financial data analysis system, a jet engine performance monitoring package, an asteroid tracking database, a medical information database, and several geographic information systems. Postgres has also been used as an educational tool at several universities. Finally, Illustra Information Technologies (since merged into Informix) picked up the code and commercialized it. Postgres became the primary data manager for the Sequoia 2000 scientific computing project in late 1992. The size of the external user community nearly doubled during 1993. It became increasingly obvious that maintenance of the prototype code and support was taking up large amounts of time that should have been devoted to database research. In an effort to reduce this support burden, the project officially ended with Version 4.2. Postgres95 In 1994, Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen added a SQL language interpreter to Postgres. Postgres95 was subsequently released to the Web to find its own way in the world as an open-source descendant of the original Postgres Berkeley code. Postgres95 code was completely ANSI C and trimmed in size by 25%. Many internal changes improved performance and maintainability. Postgres95 v1.0.x ran about 30-50% faster on the Wisconsin Benchmark compared to Postgres v4.2. Apart from bug fixes, these were the major enhancements: The query language Postquel was replaced with SQL (implemented in the server). Subqueries were not supported until PostgreSQL (see below), but they could be imitated in Postgres95 with user-defined SQL functions. Aggregates were re-implemented. Support for the GROUP BY query clause was also added. The libpq interface remained available for C programs. In addition to the monitor program, a new program (psql) was provided for interactive SQL queries using GNU readline. A new front-end library, libpgtcl, supported Tcl-based clients. A sample shell, pgtclsh, provided new Tcl commands to interface tcl programs with the Postgres95 backend. The large object interface was overhauled. The Inversion large objects were the only mechanism for storing large objects. (The Inversion file system was removed.) The instance-level rule system was removed. Rules were still available as rewrite rules. A short tutorial introducing regular SQL features as well as those of Postgres95 was distributed with the source code. GNU make (instead of BSD make) was used for the build. Also, Postgres95 could be compiled with an unpatched gcc (data alignment of doubles was fixed). PostgreSQL By 1996, it became clear that the name "Postgres95" would not stand the test of time. We chose a new name, PostgreSQL, to reflect the relationship between the original Postgres and the more recent versions with SQL capability. At the same time, we set the version numbering to start at 6.0, putting the numbers back into the sequence originally begun by the Postgres Project. The emphasis during development of Postgres95 was on identifying and understanding existing problems in the backend code. With PostgreSQL, the emphasis has shifted to augmenting features and capabilities, although work continues in all areas. Major enhancements in PostgreSQL include: Table-level locking has been replaced with multi-version concurrency control, which allows readers to continue reading consistent data during writer activity and enables hot backups from pg_dump while the database stays available for queries. Important backend features, including subselects, defaults, constraints, and triggers, have been implemented. Additional SQL92-compliant language features have been added, including primary keys, quoted identifiers, literal string type coercion, type casting, and binary and hexadecimal integer input. Built-in types have been improved, including new wide-range date/time types and additional geometric type support. Overall backend code speed has been increased by approximately 20-40%, and backend start-up time has decreased 80% since version 6.0 was released. Documentation Resources This manual set is organized into several parts: Tutorial An introduction for new users. Does not cover advanced features. User's Guide Documents the SQL query language environment, including data types and functions. Programmer's Guide Advanced information for application programmers. Topics include type and function extensibility, library interfaces, and application design issues. Administrator's Guide Installation and server management information Reference Manual Reference pages for SQL command syntax and client and server programs Developer's Guide gmake: *** [programmer.html] Error 1