From 1830f1f38b17749c5cee6de9c31d3d0e6b503e57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 18:57:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v8a 01/14] ci: Add GitHub Actions based CI

Cirrus CI, which the project used for CI until now, has shut down on June 1,
2026. Replace it with GitHub Actions. GitHub Actions was selected because it
has unlimited runner time for public repositories.

The GitHub Actions based CI currently covers:

- SanityCheck
- Linux - Autoconf
- Linux - Meson, (32-bit and 64-bit)
- macOS - Meson
- Windows (Visual Studio + Meson and MinGW + Meson)
- CompilerWarnings

BSD coverage is left for later, as it requires more work.

Note that, for performance reasons, use of address sanitizer was moved to the
Linux - Meson (64-bit) task.

Back-branches will be updated later, after being sure that workflow runs
correctly on master.

Author: Nazir Bilal Yavuz <byavuz81@gmail.com>
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Author: Jelte Fennema-Nio <postgres@jeltef.nl>
Reviewed-by: Jacob Champion <jacob.champion@enterprisedb.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut <peter@eisentraut.org>
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Reviewed-by: Zsolt Parragi <zsolt.parragi@percona.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3ydjipcr7kbss57nvi67noplncqhesl5eyb6wgol4ccjxynspv%40yatlykpribmm
---
 .github/workflows/pg-ci.yml          | 1083 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh |   19 +-
 2 files changed, 1099 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/pg-ci.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/pg-ci.yml b/.github/workflows/pg-ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8594d540f6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/pg-ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@
+# GitHub Actions CI configuration for PostgreSQL
+#
+# For instructions on how to enable / disable CI integration in a repository
+# and further details, see src/tools/ci/README
+#
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/workflow-syntax
+# is a good starting point for documentation about GitHub Actions.
+
+name: CI for PostgreSQL
+
+on:
+  push:
+  # TODO: It might make sense to also add PR based triggers, to make it easier
+  # to use PRs on one's own repo, but it's a tad more complicated than just
+  # adding the 'pull_request' event, as naively doing so would often lead to
+  # running CI twice.
+
+# Restrict GITHUB_TOKEN to the minimum the jobs need: reading repo
+# contents during checkout.
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+concurrency:
+  # For anything other than stable branches, we want there to only be one
+  # workflow active for that branch. But on stable branches & master, we
+  # neither want to wait for prior runs, nor to cancel them, so that each
+  # separately pushed commit is tested.  We achieve that by setting a unique
+  # concurrency group when on such a branch.
+  group: |
+    ${{github.workflow }}-${{
+    case(github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' ||
+         (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/REL_') && endsWith(github.ref, '_STABLE')),
+         github.run_id,
+         github.ref)
+    }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+env:
+  # The lower depth accelerates git clone. Use a bit of depth so that
+  # concurrent jobs and retrying older runs have a chance of working.
+  CLONE_DEPTH: 500
+
+  # At the moment all jobs use 4vcore runners, and none seems to benefit from
+  # increasing concurrency further.
+  BUILD_JOBS: 4
+
+  # It's possible that some jobs benefit from an increased test concurrency,
+  # but a default of 4 is a safe bet. Individual jobs can override.
+  TEST_JOBS: 4
+
+  CCACHE_MAXSIZE: "250M"
+  CCACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/ccache_dir
+
+  # Check target for the autoconf builds. Can be set to e.g. check to only
+  # test the main regression tests.
+  CHECK: check-world PROVE_FLAGS=--timer
+  CHECKFLAGS: -Otarget
+
+  # Build test dependencies as part of the build step, to see compiler
+  # errors/warnings in one place.
+  MBUILD_TARGET: all testprep
+  MTEST_ARGS: --print-errorlogs --no-rebuild -C build
+
+  # Can be set to a non-empty value to run a limited set of tests
+  # (e.g. --suite regress to only run the main regression tests).
+  MTEST_TARGET:
+
+  PGCTLTIMEOUT: 120  # avoids spurious failures during parallel tests
+  TEMP_CONFIG: ${{ github.workspace }}/src/tools/ci/pg_ci_base.conf
+  PG_TEST_EXTRA: kerberos ldap ssl libpq_encryption load_balance oauth
+
+  # Postgres config args for the meson builds, shared between all meson tasks
+  # except the 'SanityCheck' task
+  MESON_COMMON_PG_CONFIG_ARGS: -Dcassert=true -Dinjection_points=true
+
+  # Meson feature flags shared by all meson tasks, except:
+  # SanityCheck: uses almost no dependencies.
+  # Windows - VS: has fewer dependencies than listed here, so defines its own.
+  # Linux: uses the 'auto' feature option to test meson feature autodetection.
+  MESON_COMMON_FEATURES: >-
+    -Dauto_features=disabled
+    -Dldap=enabled
+    -Dssl=openssl
+    -Dtap_tests=enabled
+    -Dplperl=enabled
+    -Dplpython=enabled
+    -Ddocs=enabled
+    -Dicu=enabled
+    -Dlibxml=enabled
+    -Dlibxslt=enabled
+    -Dlz4=enabled
+    -Dpltcl=enabled
+    -Dreadline=enabled
+    -Dzlib=enabled
+    -Dzstd=enabled
+
+  # Shared between the Linux autoconf job and the CompilerWarnings jobs
+  LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES: >-
+    --with-gssapi
+    --with-icu
+    --with-ldap
+    --with-libcurl
+    --with-libxml
+    --with-libxslt
+    --with-llvm
+    --with-lz4
+    --with-pam
+    --with-perl
+    --with-python
+    --with-selinux
+    --with-ssl=openssl
+    --with-systemd
+    --with-tcl --with-tclconfig=/usr/lib/tcl8.6/
+    --with-uuid=ossp
+    --with-zstd
+
+  # Debian Trixie containers used by all Linux jobs. Built by
+  # 'https://github.com/anarazel/pg-vm-images/'.
+  CONTAINER_REPO: ghcr.io/anarazel/pg-vm-images/main
+  CONTAINER_LINUX_CI: linux_debian_trixie_ci:latest
+  CONTAINER_LINUX_CI_DOCS: linux_debian_trixie_ci_docs:latest
+
+  # The full set of OS / job selectors recognized by the `ci-os-only:`
+  # commit-message directive parsed in the `setup` job below.
+  CI_OS_ONLY_JOBS: "linux macos windows mingw compilerwarnings sanitycheck"
+
+
+jobs:
+  # Parse "ci-os-only: ..." from the commit message and expose flags
+  # consumed by the jobs' `if:` conditions.
+  setup:
+    name: Determine enabled jobs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 1
+    outputs:
+      linux: ${{ steps.os.outputs.linux }}
+      macos: ${{ steps.os.outputs.macos }}
+      windows: ${{ steps.os.outputs.windows }}
+      mingw: ${{ steps.os.outputs.mingw }}
+      compilerwarnings: ${{ steps.os.outputs.compilerwarnings }}
+      sanitycheck: ${{ steps.os.outputs.sanitycheck }}
+      # Re-export workflow-level env vars that other jobs need to reference
+      # from contexts (e.g. `jobs.<id>.container.image`) where the `env`
+      # context is not available.
+      container_linux_ci: ${{ env.CONTAINER_REPO }}/${{ env.CONTAINER_LINUX_CI }}
+      container_linux_ci_docs: ${{ env.CONTAINER_REPO }}/${{ env.CONTAINER_LINUX_CI_DOCS }}
+    steps:
+      # Anchor reused by other jobs further down. GitHub Actions supports YAML
+      # anchors/aliases but not merge keys, so the alias copies the whole step
+      # verbatim. The anchor is resolved at YAML parse time, so the alias
+      # keeps working even if this job were to be skipped at runtime.
+      - &nix_sysinfo_step
+        name: sysinfo
+        run: |
+          id
+          uname -a
+          ulimit -a -H && ulimit -a -S
+          env
+
+      - id: os
+        env:
+          MSG: ${{ github.event.head_commit.message }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          all_os=${CI_OS_ONLY_JOBS}
+          if printf '%s\n' "$MSG" | grep -qE '^ci-os-only: '; then
+            sel=$(printf '%s\n' "$MSG" | sed -n 's/^ci-os-only: //p' | head -n 1)
+            echo "ci-os-only selection: $sel"
+          else
+            sel="$all_os"
+          fi
+          for o in $all_os; do
+            if echo " $sel " | grep -qE "[ ,]$o[ ,]"; then
+              echo "$o=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            else
+              echo "$o=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            fi
+          done
+          cat "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+
+  # To avoid unnecessarily spinning up a lot of VMs / containers for entirely
+  # broken commits, have a minimal task that all others depend on.
+  #
+  # SPECIAL:
+  # - Builds with --auto-features=disabled and thus almost no enabled
+  #   dependencies
+  sanity-check:
+    name: SanityCheck
+    needs: setup
+    if: |
+      !cancelled() &&
+      needs.setup.outputs.sanitycheck == 'true'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    container: &linux_ci_container
+      image: ${{ needs.setup.outputs.container_linux_ci }}
+
+      # Options passed to all linux containers. Not all of the jobs need
+      # all of them, but it's easier to just define them centrally.
+      #
+      # --privileged is needed so the prepare step can write to sysctls
+      # under /proc/sys (it's mounted read-only without it). We use it to
+      # set kernel.core_pattern and (for the meson entries) to flip
+      # kernel.io_uring_disabled (default 2 on recent GH runner kernels).
+      #
+      # Share the host PID + IPC namespaces. 017_shm.pl rapidly creates,
+      # kill9's, and restarts postgres; with the container's small PID
+      # space a new postgres can recycle the dead postmaster's PID before
+      # pg_ctl's postmaster.pid check notices, producing spurious "node X
+      # is already running" failures. SysV shm in the test also relies on
+      # host-like IPC behavior.
+      #
+      # --ulimit raises memlock and core dump size. Memlock is needed for
+      # running the AIO tests.
+      options: &linux_container_options |
+        --privileged --pid=host --ipc=host --ulimit memlock=-1:-1
+    env:
+      # no options enabled, should be small
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: "150M"
+    steps:
+      - *nix_sysinfo_step
+
+      - &checkout_step
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: ${{ env.CLONE_DEPTH }}
+
+      - &ccache_restore_step
+        name: Restore ccache
+        id: ccache_restore
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ccache-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.ref_name }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ccache-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.ref_name }}-
+            ccache-${{ github.job }}-
+
+      - &linux_prepare_workspace
+        name: Prepare workspace
+        run: |
+          useradd -m postgres
+          chown -R postgres:postgres .
+          mkdir -m 770 /tmp/cores
+          chown root:postgres /tmp/cores
+          sysctl kernel.core_pattern='/tmp/cores/%e-%s-%p.core'
+          # This is only needed for some of the tasks using this, but it
+          # doesn't harm to have this enabled.
+          sysctl -w kernel.io_uring_disabled=0
+
+          cat >> /etc/hosts <<-EOF
+            127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest
+            127.0.0.2 pg-loadbalancetest
+            127.0.0.3 pg-loadbalancetest
+          EOF
+
+      # By using a shell that includes su, the run commands themselves get
+      # simpler. As there are quite a few commands that need to use su...
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: &su_postgres_shell |
+          su postgres -c "bash --noprofile --norc -eo pipefail {0}"
+        run: |
+          meson setup \
+            --buildtype=debug \
+            --auto-features=disabled \
+            -Ddefault_library=shared \
+            -Dtap_tests=enabled \
+            build
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: &ninja_build_command |
+          ninja -C build -j${{env.BUILD_JOBS}} ${{env.MBUILD_TARGET}}
+          ninja -C build -t missingdeps
+
+      # TODO: As long as we use per-run ccache caches, we should probably add
+      # a step that checks if there is sufficient new content to warrant
+      # saving the new cache.
+      - &ccache_save_step
+        name: Save ccache
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.CCACHE_DIR }}
+          key: ${{ steps.ccache_restore.outputs.cache-primary-key }}
+
+      # Run a minimal set of tests. The main regression tests take too long
+      # for this purpose. For now this is a random quick pg_regress style
+      # test, and a tap test that exercises both a frontend binary and the
+      # backend.
+      #
+      # To allow the command below to be reused by later tasks, we allow
+      # adding "setup" commands to be specified via the ADDITIONAL_SETUP
+      # environment variable.
+      #
+      # Note that this command is used on all platforms, therefore one needs
+      # to be careful about using only ${{env.}} variable references,
+      # linebreaks etc.
+      - name: Test
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        env:
+          MTEST_TARGET: cube/regress pg_ctl/001_start_stop
+        run: &meson_test_world_cmd |
+          ${{case(runner.os == 'Windows', '', 'ulimit -c unlimited')}}
+
+          ${{env.ADDITIONAL_SETUP}}
+
+          echo ::group::test_setup
+          meson test ${{env.MTEST_ARGS}} --suite setup --logbase setup
+          echo ::endgroup::
+
+          meson test ${{env.MTEST_ARGS}} --num-processes ${{env.TEST_JOBS}} ${{env.MTEST_TARGET}}
+
+      - &linux_collect_cores
+        name: Core backtraces
+        if: failure() && !cancelled()
+        run: src/tools/ci/cores_backtrace.sh linux /tmp/cores
+
+      # Note that this is used for both meson and autoconf builds
+      - &upload_logs_step
+        name: Upload logs
+        if: failure() && !cancelled()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: logs-${{ github.job }}-${{ github.run_id }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
+          path: |
+              **/*.log
+              **/*.diffs
+              **/regress_log_*
+              **/crashlog-*.txt
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+
+
+  # Linux, Autoconf
+  #
+  # SPECIAL:
+  # - Uses undefined & alignment sanitizers (sanitizer failures are typically
+  #   printed in the server log)
+  # - Configures postgres with a small segment size
+  # - Uses PG_TEST_PG_COMBINEBACKUP_MODE=--copy-file-range
+  linux-autoconf:
+    name: Linux - Autoconf
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: &linux_job_if |
+      !cancelled() &&
+      needs.setup.outputs.linux == 'true' &&
+      needs.sanity-check.result != 'failure'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: *linux_ci_container
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+
+    env: &linux_env
+      # Add both debian and ubuntu, as symbols from the host can be visible during profiling
+      DEBUGINFOD_URLS: "https://debuginfod.debian.net https://debuginfod.ubuntu.com"
+      # Use -O2 to reduce the test times, use -fno-sanitize-recover=all to make sanitizer test
+      # failures visible.
+      CFLAGS: -O2 -ggdb -fno-sanitize-recover=all
+      CXXFLAGS: -O2 -ggdb -fno-sanitize-recover=all
+      LDFLAGS:
+      CC: ccache gcc
+      CXX: ccache g++
+      CLANG: ccache clang
+
+      # Configure sanitizer runtime behavior to be suitable for running tests:
+      # disable_coredump=0, abort_on_error=1: for useful backtraces in case of crashes
+      # print_stacktraces=1,verbosity=2, duh
+      # detect_leaks=0: too many uninteresting leak errors in short-lived binaries
+      UBSAN_OPTIONS: print_stacktrace=1:disable_coredump=0:abort_on_error=1:verbosity=2
+      ASAN_OPTIONS: print_stacktrace=1:disable_coredump=0:abort_on_error=1:detect_leaks=0
+
+    steps:
+      # GitHub Actions does not make it easy to share some, but not all,
+      # environment variables between related tasks. We solve that for the
+      # linux- tasks by updating the environment variables programmatically.
+      - name: Update Environment
+        env:
+          SANITIZER_FLAGS: -fsanitize=alignment,undefined
+          PG_TEST_PG_COMBINEBACKUP_MODE: --copy-file-range
+        run: &linux_update_config_cmd |
+          echo "CFLAGS=$CFLAGS ${SANITIZER_FLAGS}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "CXXFLAGS=$CXXFLAGS ${SANITIZER_FLAGS}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "LDFLAGS=$LDFLAGS ${SANITIZER_FLAGS}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          echo "CC=${CC}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "CXX=${CXX}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          echo "PG_TEST_INITDB_EXTRA_OPTS=${PG_TEST_INITDB_EXTRA_OPTS}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "PG_TEST_PG_COMBINEBACKUP_MODE=${PG_TEST_PG_COMBINEBACKUP_MODE}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - *nix_sysinfo_step
+      - *checkout_step
+      - *ccache_restore_step
+      - *linux_prepare_workspace
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: |
+          ./configure \
+            --enable-cassert --enable-injection-points --enable-debug \
+            --enable-tap-tests --enable-nls \
+            --with-segsize-blocks=6 \
+            --with-libnuma \
+            --with-liburing \
+            ${LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES}
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: |
+          make -s -j${BUILD_JOBS} world-bin
+
+      - *ccache_save_step
+
+      - name: Test world
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: |
+          make -s ${CHECK} ${CHECKFLAGS} -j${TEST_JOBS}
+
+      - *linux_collect_cores
+      - *upload_logs_step
+
+
+  # Linux Meson, 32 bit
+  #
+  # SPECIAL:
+  # - Uses undefined behaviour and alignment sanitizers, (sanitizer failures
+  #   are typically printed in the server log)
+  # - Uses io_method=io_uring
+  # - Uses meson feature autodetection
+  # - tests with LANG=C to give ICU some buildfarm-uncovered coverage. Also,
+  #   newer Python insists on changing LC_CTYPE away from C, prevent that with
+  #   PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE.
+  linux-meson-32:
+    name: Linux - Meson (32-bit)
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: *linux_job_if
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: *linux_ci_container
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    env: *linux_env
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Update Environment
+        env:
+          SANITIZER_FLAGS: -fsanitize=alignment,undefined
+          PG_TEST_INITDB_EXTRA_OPTS: -c io_method=io_uring
+          CC: ccache gcc -m32
+          CXX: ccache g++ -m32
+        run: *linux_update_config_cmd
+
+      - *nix_sysinfo_step
+      - *checkout_step
+      - *ccache_restore_step
+      - *linux_prepare_workspace
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: |
+          meson setup \
+            ${MESON_COMMON_PG_CONFIG_ARGS} \
+            -Duuid=e2fs \
+            --buildtype=debug \
+            --pkg-config-path /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/ \
+            -DPERL=perl5.40-i386-linux-gnu \
+            -Dlibnuma=disabled \
+            build
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: *ninja_build_command
+
+      - *ccache_save_step
+
+      - name: Test world
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        env:
+          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE: 0
+          LANG: C
+        run: *meson_test_world_cmd
+
+      - *linux_collect_cores
+      - *upload_logs_step
+
+
+  # Linux Meson, 64 bit
+  #
+  # SPECIAL:
+  # - Uses address sanitizer, (sanitizer failures are typically printed in the
+  #   server log). We test asan with meson rather than autoconf, as it's a bit
+  #   faster at running the tests.
+  # - Uses io_method=io_uring
+  # - Uses meson feature autodetection
+  linux-meson-64:
+    name: Linux - Meson (64-bit)
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: *linux_job_if
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container: *linux_ci_container
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    env: *linux_env
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Update Environment
+        env:
+          SANITIZER_FLAGS: -fsanitize=address
+          PG_TEST_INITDB_EXTRA_OPTS: -c io_method=io_uring
+        run: *linux_update_config_cmd
+
+      - *nix_sysinfo_step
+      - *checkout_step
+      - *ccache_restore_step
+      - *linux_prepare_workspace
+
+      - name: Configure
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: |
+          meson setup \
+            ${MESON_COMMON_PG_CONFIG_ARGS} \
+            -Duuid=e2fs \
+            --buildtype=debug \
+            -Dllvm=enabled \
+            build
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: *ninja_build_command
+
+      - *ccache_save_step
+
+      - name: Test world
+        shell: *su_postgres_shell
+        run: *meson_test_world_cmd
+
+      - *linux_collect_cores
+      - *upload_logs_step
+
+
+  # SPECIAL:
+  # - Enables --clone for pg_upgrade and pg_combinebackup
+  # - Specifies configuration options that test reading/writing/copying of node trees
+  # - Specifies debug_parallel_query=regress, to catch related issues during CI
+  macos:
+    name: macOS - Meson
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: |
+      !cancelled() &&
+      needs.setup.outputs.macos == 'true' &&
+      needs.sanity-check.result != 'failure'
+    runs-on: macos-15
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    env:
+      MACPORTS_CACHE: ${{ github.workspace }}/macports-cache
+
+      MESON_FEATURES: >-
+        -Dbonjour=enabled
+        -Ddtrace=enabled
+        -Dgssapi=enabled
+        -Dlibcurl=enabled
+        -Dnls=enabled
+        -Duuid=e2fs
+
+      MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST: >-
+        ccache
+        icu
+        kerberos5
+        lz4
+        meson
+        openldap
+        openssl
+        p5.34-io-tty
+        p5.34-ipc-run
+        python312
+        tcl
+        zstd
+
+      CC: ccache cc
+      CXX: ccache c++
+      CFLAGS: -Og -ggdb
+      CXXFLAGS: -Og -ggdb
+      PG_TEST_PG_UPGRADE_MODE: --clone
+      PG_TEST_PG_COMBINEBACKUP_MODE: --clone
+
+      # Several buildfarm animals enable these options. Without testing them
+      # during CI, it would be easy to cause breakage on the buildfarm with CI
+      # passing.
+      PG_TEST_INITDB_EXTRA_OPTS: >-
+        -c debug_copy_parse_plan_trees=on
+        -c debug_write_read_parse_plan_trees=on
+        -c debug_raw_expression_coverage_test=on
+        -c debug_parallel_query=regress
+
+    steps:
+      - *nix_sysinfo_step
+
+      - *checkout_step
+
+      - name: Setup core files
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p $HOME/cores
+          sudo sysctl kern.corefile="$HOME/cores/core.%P"
+
+      - name: "Macports: Compute cache key"
+        id: mpkey
+        run: |
+          macos_major=$(sw_vers -productVersion | sed 's/\..*//')
+          pkglist_hash=$(printf '%s' "$MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST" | md5 -q)
+          script_hash=$(md5 -q src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh)
+          echo "key=macports-${macos_major}-${pkglist_hash}-${script_hash}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: "MacPorts: Restore cache"
+        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.MACPORTS_CACHE }}
+          key: ${{ steps.mpkey.outputs.key }}
+
+      # Use MacPorts, even though Homebrew is installed. The installation
+      # of the additional packages we need would take quite a while with
+      # Homebrew, even if we cache the downloads. We can't cache all of
+      # Homebrew, because it's already large. So we use MacPorts. To cache
+      # the installation we create a .dmg file that we mount if it already
+      # exists.
+      # XXX: The reason for the direct p5.34* references is that we'd need
+      # the large MacPort tree around to figure out that p5-io-tty is
+      # actually p5.34-io-tty. Using the unversioned name works, but
+      # updates MacPorts every time.
+      - name: "MacPorts: Install dependencies"
+        env:
+          # Pass token so the script's GitHub API call to list MacPorts
+          # releases isn't subject to the 60/h/IP unauthenticated rate
+          # limit (shared across all jobs on the runner's IP).
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
+          # system python doesn't provide headers
+          sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+          # Make macports install visible to subsequent steps
+          echo /opt/local/sbin >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+          echo /opt/local/bin >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+
+      - *ccache_restore_step
+
+      - name: Configure
+        env:
+          PKG_CONFIG_PATH: /opt/local/lib/pkgconfig/
+        run: |
+          meson setup \
+            ${{env.MESON_COMMON_PG_CONFIG_ARGS}} \
+            --buildtype=debug \
+            -Dextra_include_dirs=/opt/local/include \
+            -Dextra_lib_dirs=/opt/local/lib \
+            -Ddarwin_sysroot=none \
+            ${MESON_COMMON_FEATURES} \
+            ${MESON_FEATURES} \
+            build
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: *ninja_build_command
+
+      - *ccache_save_step
+
+      - name: Test world
+        env:
+          # default is 256, pretty low
+          ADDITIONAL_SETUP: ulimit -n 1024
+        run: *meson_test_world_cmd
+
+      - name: Core backtraces
+        if: failure() && !cancelled()
+        run: src/tools/ci/cores_backtrace.sh macos "$HOME/cores"
+
+      - *upload_logs_step
+
+
+  windows-vs:
+    name: Windows - Visual Studio
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: |
+      !cancelled() &&
+      needs.setup.outputs.windows == 'true' &&
+      needs.sanity-check.result != 'failure'
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    env:
+      # Avoid port conflicts between concurrent tap tests
+      PG_TEST_USE_UNIX_SOCKETS: 1
+      PG_REGRESS_SOCK_DIR: 'd:\pgsock'
+      TAR: "c:/windows/system32/tar.exe"
+
+      MESON_FEATURES: >-
+        -Dcpp_args=/std:c++20
+        -Dauto_features=disabled
+        -Dtap_tests=enabled
+        -Dldap=enabled
+        -Dssl=openssl
+        -Dplperl=enabled
+        -Dplpython=enabled
+
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: cmd
+    steps:
+      - &windows_disable_defender
+        name: Disable Windows Defender
+        shell: powershell
+        run: |
+          Set-MpPreference -DisableRealtimeMonitoring $true -SubmitSamplesConsent NeverSend -MAPSReporting Disable
+          # Verify Defender status
+          $status = Get-MpComputerStatus -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+          if ($status) {
+              Write-Host "RealTimeProtectionEnabled: $($status.RealTimeProtectionEnabled)"
+              Write-Host "AntivirusEnabled: $($status.AntivirusEnabled)"
+          }
+
+      - *checkout_step
+
+      - name: Sysinfo
+        run: |
+          chcp
+          systeminfo
+          set
+
+      # The TAP tests build an initdb template under build/tmp_install and
+      # then `robocopy` it into per-test data directories. Robocopy with the
+      # default /COPY:DAT flag doesn't copy ACLs — destinations inherit from
+      # their parent dir. On GitHub-hosted Windows runners the workspace's
+      # inherited ACL grants Administrators:(F) and Users:(RX) but does NOT
+      # grant the runner user (runneradmin) directly. That matters because
+      # pg_ctl on Windows uses CreateRestrictedProcess to drop admin
+      # privileges from postmaster, so the postmaster process has the user
+      # SID in its token but no longer the Administrators group — leaving it
+      # with only "Users:(RX)" on pg_control and friends, which causes
+      # "PANIC: could not open file global/pg_control: Permission denied".
+      #
+      # Fix it once on the workspace dir with (OI)(CI) inheritance flags so
+      # every file/dir created underneath gets an explicit grant for the
+      # current user.
+      - name: Grant workspace ACL to runner user
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          icacls "${{ github.workspace }}" /grant "${env:USERNAME}:(OI)(CI)F" /Q | Out-Null
+          Write-Host "Granted Full Control to $env:USERNAME on ${{ github.workspace }}"
+
+      # postgres' plpython3u loads python3.dll (the stable-ABI forwarder)
+      # which in turn loads whichever python3NN.dll the Windows loader finds
+      # first on PATH. On windows-2022 `C:\Program Files\Mercurial\` ships
+      # its own python3.dll + python39.dll and appears on PATH *before* the
+      # hostedtoolcache Python 3.12 — so without intervention the backend
+      # ends up running Python 3.9 while postgres' stdlib search uses 3.12,
+      # producing `ImportError: cannot import name 'text_encoding' from
+      # 'io'` (the 3.12 `io.py` calling into 3.9's `_io`).
+      #
+      # Drop Mercurial's directory from PATH so the hostedtoolcache
+      # python3.dll wins the DLL search.
+      - name: Remove Mercurial from PATH
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $filtered = ($env:PATH -split ';' |
+            Where-Object { $_ -and ($_ -notmatch '\\Mercurial\\?$') }) -join ';'
+          Add-Content $env:GITHUB_ENV "PATH=$filtered"
+          Write-Host "Removed Mercurial entries from PATH"
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          choco install -y --no-progress --limitoutput diffutils winflexbison3
+          # meson + ninja aren't preinstalled on windows-2022. Install via pip
+          python -m pip install --upgrade meson ninja
+
+          # OpenSSL 1.1 via the slproweb installer (pinned to match the
+          # version used elsewhere in postgres CI).
+          curl.exe -fsSL -o openssl-setup.exe https://slproweb.com/download/Win64OpenSSL-1_1_1w.exe
+          Start-Process -Wait -FilePath ./openssl-setup.exe `
+            -ArgumentList '/DIR=d:\openssl\1.1\ /VERYSILENT /SP- /SUPPRESSMSGBOXES'
+          # The slproweb installer puts libcrypto-1_1-x64.dll / libssl-1_1-x64.dll
+          # in d:\openssl\1.1\bin\ and updates the system PATH. GH Actions
+          # snapshots PATH at job start though, so the running job won't
+          # see those DLLs and initdb.exe would crash silently at runtime.
+          # Push the bin dir onto GITHUB_PATH so it persists for later steps.
+          Add-Content $env:GITHUB_PATH "d:\openssl\1.1\bin"
+
+          # Install IPC::Run.
+          # - recommends_policy=0 keeps cpan from pulling in IO::Tty / IO::Pty,
+          #   which don't build on Windows ("This module requires a POSIX
+          #   compliant system to work").
+          # - Pin to NJM/IPC-Run-20250809.0 because TODDR/IPC-Run-20260322.0
+          #   broke postgres tap tests on Windows (changed pipe stdio
+          #   handling). See upstream pg-vm-images commit ff5238afa3 and
+          #   the thread at
+          #   https://postgr.es/m/CAN55FZ06xanSbJdHe-CurjX_qNuBWZDEvS1kAk36L38YCtZXnw%40mail.gmail.com
+          "o conf recommends_policy 0`no conf commit`nnotest install NJM/IPC-Run-20250809.0.tar.gz" | cpan
+          perl -mIPC::Run -e 1
+
+      - name: Setup hosts file
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          Add-Content c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts "127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest"
+          Add-Content c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts "127.0.0.2 pg-loadbalancetest"
+          Add-Content c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts "127.0.0.3 pg-loadbalancetest"
+
+      - name: Setup socket directory
+        shell: cmd
+        run: mkdir ${{env.PG_REGRESS_SOCK_DIR}}
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" x64
+          meson setup ^
+            --backend ninja ^
+            ${{env.MESON_COMMON_PG_CONFIG_ARGS}} ^
+            ${{env.MESON_FEATURES}} ^
+            --buildtype debug ^
+            -Db_pch=true ^
+            -Dextra_lib_dirs=d:\openssl\1.1\lib -Dextra_include_dirs=d:\openssl\1.1\include ^
+            -DTAR=${{env.TAR}} ^
+            build
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: |
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" x64
+          ninja -C build ${{env.MBUILD_TARGET}}
+          ninja -C build -t missingdeps
+
+      - name: Test world
+        env:
+          ADDITIONAL_SETUP: |
+            call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" x64
+        run: *meson_test_world_cmd
+
+      # TODO: We need to collect crashlogs but for them to be generated, we'd
+      # have to configure the JIT Debugger to do so. cdb.exe is installed on
+      # the runner so that is possible.
+      - *upload_logs_step
+
+
+  windows-mingw:
+    name: Windows - MinGW - Meson
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: |
+      !cancelled() &&
+      needs.setup.outputs.mingw == 'true' &&
+      needs.sanity-check.result != 'failure'
+    runs-on: windows-2022
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    env:
+      # Avoid port conflicts between concurrent tap tests
+      PG_TEST_USE_UNIX_SOCKETS: 1
+      PG_REGRESS_SOCK_DIR: 'd:\pgsock'
+      TAR: "c:/windows/system32/tar.exe"
+
+      MSYS: winjitdebug
+      CHERE_INVOKING: 1
+      MSYSTEM: UCRT64
+
+      # Keep -Dnls explicitly disabled, as the number of files it creates
+      # causes a noticeable slowdown.
+      MESON_FEATURES: >-
+        -Dnls=disabled
+
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: "500M"
+      CCACHE_SLOPPINESS: pch_defines,time_macros
+      CCACHE_DEPEND: 1
+
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: 'D:\msys64\usr\bin\bash.exe --login -eo pipefail "{0}"'
+
+    steps:
+      - *windows_disable_defender
+      - *checkout_step
+
+      # Relocate the preinstalled MSYS2 tree from C:\ (slow system disk) to
+      # D:\ (faster ephemeral data disk). Every subsequent MSYS2 step uses
+      # D:\msys64\usr\bin\bash.exe via the job's `defaults.run.shell`.
+      #
+      # This reduces the total runtime of this task by ~15 minutes.
+      #
+      # robocopy returns 0-7 on success (with various "files copied" bits
+      # set) and 8+ on real failure, so we have to translate its exit code.
+      - name: Relocate MSYS2 to D
+        shell: powershell
+        run: |
+          robocopy C:\msys64 D:\msys64 /E /MT:16 /NJS /NJH /NFL /NDL /NP
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ge 8) { exit $LASTEXITCODE }
+          exit 0
+
+      - name: Setup MSYS2
+        run: |
+          # ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX} is an environment variable used in the
+          # MSYS2. It dynamically expands to the correct prefix for the active
+          # shell environment.
+          pacman -S --noconfirm --needed \
+            git bison flex make diffutils \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-ccache \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-gcc \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-icu \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-libbacktrace \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-libxml2 \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-libxslt \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-lz4 \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-make \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-meson \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-perl \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-pkg-config \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-readline \
+            ${MINGW_PACKAGE_PREFIX}-zlib
+
+      - *nix_sysinfo_step
+
+      - name: Install additional dependencies
+        run: |
+          # Pin IPC::Run to NJM/IPC-Run-20250809.0; TODDR/IPC-Run-20260322.0
+          # broke postgres tap tests on Windows (pipe stdio handling).
+          # See pg-vm-images commit ff5238afa3.
+          (echo; echo o conf recommends_policy 0; echo notest install NJM/IPC-Run-20250809.0.tar.gz) | cpan
+          perl -mIPC::Run -e 1
+
+      - name: Setup socket directory
+        shell: cmd
+        run: mkdir ${{env.PG_REGRESS_SOCK_DIR}}
+
+      - *ccache_restore_step
+
+      - name: Configure
+        run: |
+          meson setup \
+            ${{env.MESON_COMMON_PG_CONFIG_ARGS}} \
+            -Ddebug=true -Doptimization=g -Db_pch=true \
+            ${{env.MESON_COMMON_FEATURES}} \
+            ${{env.MESON_FEATURES}} \
+            -DTAR=${{env.TAR}} \
+            build
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: *ninja_build_command
+
+      - *ccache_save_step
+
+      - name: Test world
+        run: *meson_test_world_cmd
+
+      # FIX: We need to collect crashlogs but they are not collected. cdb.exe
+      # is installed on the runner so it needs to be configured.
+      - *upload_logs_step
+
+
+  # Test that code can be built with both gcc and clang without warnings,
+  # with various combinations of cassert/dtrace flags. Trace probes have
+  # a history of getting accidentally broken; the matrix is there to
+  # catch that.
+  #
+  # The autoconf cache files (gcc.cache / clang.cache) are intentionally
+  # reused across the matrix entries that share a compiler, so we don't
+  # pay for full feature detection on every entry.
+  compiler-warnings:
+    name: CompilerWarnings
+    needs: [setup, sanity-check]
+    if: |
+      !cancelled() &&
+      needs.setup.outputs.compilerwarnings == 'true' &&
+      needs.sanity-check.result != 'failure'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    container:
+      image: ${{ needs.setup.outputs.container_linux_ci_docs }}
+    env:
+      # Use larger ccache cache as this job compiles with multiple
+      # compilers / flag combinations.
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: "1G"
+      DEFAULT_BUILD: world-bin
+    steps:
+
+      - name: Sysinfo
+        run: |
+          id
+          uname -a
+          cat /proc/cmdline
+          ulimit -a -H && ulimit -a -S
+          gcc -v
+          clang -v
+          env
+
+      - *checkout_step
+
+      - *ccache_restore_step
+
+      - name: Setup workspace
+        run: |
+          echo "COPT=-Werror" > src/Makefile.custom
+
+      # gcc, cassert off, dtrace on
+      - name: gcc warnings + (dtrace)
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        env:
+          CONF: ${{env.LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES}} --cache gcc.cache --enable-dtrace
+          CC: ccache gcc
+          CXX: ccache g++
+          CLANG: ccache clang
+        run: &compiler_warnings_cmd |
+          echo "::group::configure"
+          ./configure \
+            ${{env.CONF}} \
+            CLANG="ccache clang"
+          echo "::endgroup::"
+
+          make -s -j${{env.BUILD_JOBS}} clean
+          make -s -j${{env.BUILD_JOBS}} ${{env.DEFAULT_BUILD}}
+
+
+      # gcc, cassert on, dtrace off
+      - name: gcc warnings + (cassert)
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        env:
+          CONF: ${{env.LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES}} --cache gcc.cache --enable-cassert
+          CC: ccache gcc
+          CXX: ccache g++
+        run: *compiler_warnings_cmd
+
+
+      # clang, cassert off, dtrace off
+      - name: clang warnings
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        env:
+          CONF: ${{env.LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES}} --cache clang.cache
+          CC: ccache clang
+          CXX: ccache clang++
+        run: *compiler_warnings_cmd
+
+
+      # clang, cassert on, dtrace on
+      - name: clang warnings + (cassert + dtrace)
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        env:
+          CONF: ${{env.LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES}} --cache clang.cache --enable-cassert --enable-dtrace
+          CC: ccache clang
+          CXX: ccache clang++
+        run: *compiler_warnings_cmd
+
+
+      - name: mingw warnings (cross compilation)
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        env:
+          CONF: --host=x86_64-w64-mingw32ucrt --enable-cassert --without-icu
+          CC: ccache x86_64-w64-mingw32ucrt-gcc
+          CXX: ccache x86_64-w64-mingw32ucrt-g++
+        run: *compiler_warnings_cmd
+
+
+      ###
+      # Verify docs can be built
+      ###
+      # XXX: Only do this if there have been changes in doc/ since last build
+      - name: Build documentation
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        env:
+          CONF: --cache gcc.cache
+          CC: ccache gcc
+          CXX: ccache g++
+          DEFAULT_BUILD: -C doc
+        run: *compiler_warnings_cmd
+
+      ###
+      # Verify headerscheck / cpluspluscheck succeed
+      #
+      # - Run both in same script to increase parallelism, use -k to get
+      #   result of both
+      # - Use -fmax-errors, as particularly cpluspluscheck can be very verbose
+      ###
+      - name: headerscheck + cpluspluscheck
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+        run: |
+          echo "::group::configure"
+          ./configure \
+            ${{env.LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES}} \
+            --cache gcc.cache \
+            --quiet \
+            CC="ccache gcc" CXX="ccache g++" CLANG="ccache clang"
+          echo "::endgroup::"
+
+          make -s -j${{env.BUILD_JOBS}} clean
+          make -s -j${{env.BUILD_JOBS}} -k ${{env.CHECKFLAGS}} \
+            headerscheck cpluspluscheck \
+            EXTRAFLAGS='-fmax-errors=10'
+
+      - *ccache_save_step
diff --git a/src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh b/src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh
index 63e97b37c78..c7c4a1c0c60 100755
--- a/src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh
+++ b/src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh
@@ -20,13 +20,26 @@ echo "macOS major version: $macos_major_version"
 # macOS release.
 macports_release_list_url="https://api.github.com/repos/macports/macports-base/releases"
 macports_version_pattern="2\.10\.1"
-macports_url="$( curl -s $macports_release_list_url | grep "\"https://github.com/macports/macports-base/releases/download/v$macports_version_pattern/MacPorts-$macports_version_pattern-$macos_major_version-[A-Za-z]*\.pkg\"" | sed 's/.*: "//;s/".*//' | head -1 )"
+# Authenticate the GitHub API request when a token is available (e.g. on
+# GitHub Actions). Unauthenticated requests share a 60/h/IP rate limit
+# with every other job on the runner's IP and frequently return an error
+# JSON, leaving $macports_url empty and breaking the subsequent curl.
+auth_header=""
+if [ -n "$GITHUB_TOKEN" ]; then
+    auth_header="Authorization: Bearer $GITHUB_TOKEN"
+fi
+macports_url="$( curl -fsSL ${auth_header:+-H "$auth_header"} "$macports_release_list_url" | grep "\"https://github.com/macports/macports-base/releases/download/v$macports_version_pattern/MacPorts-$macports_version_pattern-$macos_major_version-[A-Za-z]*\.pkg\"" | sed 's/.*: "//;s/".*//' | head -1 )"
 echo "MacPorts package URL: $macports_url"
 
+if [ -z "$macports_url" ]; then
+    echo "error: could not determine MacPorts package URL for macOS $macos_major_version (version pattern: $macports_version_pattern)" 1>&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
 cache_dmg="macports.hfs.dmg"
 
-if [ "$CIRRUS_CI" != "true" ]; then
-    echo "expect to be called within cirrus-ci" 1>2
+if [ "$CIRRUS_CI" != "true" ] && [ "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" != "true" ]; then
+    echo "expect to be called within cirrus-ci or github actions" 1>&2
     exit 1
 fi
 
-- 
2.54.0.380.gc69baaf57b

