-- -- JOIN -- Test JOIN clauses -- CREATE TABLE J1_TBL ( i integer, j integer, t text ); CREATE TABLE J2_TBL ( i integer, k integer ); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (1, 4, 'one'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (2, 3, 'two'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (3, 2, 'three'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (4, 1, 'four'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (5, 0, 'five'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (6, 6, 'six'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (7, 7, 'seven'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (8, 8, 'eight'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (0, NULL, 'zero'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL, 'null'); INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0, 'zero'); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (1, -1); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 2); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (3, -3); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 4); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (0, NULL); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL); INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0); -- -- CORRELATION NAMES -- Make sure that table/column aliases are supported -- before diving into more complex join syntax. -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL AS tx; xxx | i | j | t -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL tx; xxx | i | j | t -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL AS t1 (a, b, c); xxx | a | b | c -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c); xxx | a | b | c -----+---+---+------- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | 2 | three | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | 6 | six | 7 | 7 | seven | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | zero | | | null | | 0 | zero (11 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e); xxx | a | b | c | d | e -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | | null | 3 | -3 | | | null | 2 | 4 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | | | null | | | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | | | 0 | zero | | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", t1.a, t2.e FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e) WHERE t1.a = t2.d; xxx | a | e -----+---+---- | 0 | | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 5 | -5 | 5 | -5 (7 rows) -- -- CROSS JOIN -- Qualifications are not allowed on cross joins, -- which degenerate into a standard unqualified inner join. -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | | null | 3 | -3 | | | null | 2 | 4 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | | null | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | | | null | | | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | | | 0 | zero | | 0 (99 rows) -- ambiguous column SELECT '' AS "xxx", i, k, t FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; ERROR: column reference "i" is ambiguous -- resolve previous ambiguity by specifying the table name SELECT '' AS "xxx", t1.i, k, t FROM J1_TBL t1 CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2; xxx | i | k | t -----+---+----+------- | 1 | -1 | one | 1 | 2 | one | 1 | -3 | one | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -5 | one | 1 | -5 | one | 1 | | one | 1 | | one | 1 | 0 | one | 2 | -1 | two | 2 | 2 | two | 2 | -3 | two | 2 | 4 | two | 2 | -5 | two | 2 | -5 | two | 2 | | two | 2 | | two | 2 | 0 | two | 3 | -1 | three | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | three | 3 | 4 | three | 3 | -5 | three | 3 | -5 | three | 3 | | three | 3 | | three | 3 | 0 | three | 4 | -1 | four | 4 | 2 | four | 4 | -3 | four | 4 | 4 | four | 4 | -5 | four | 4 | -5 | four | 4 | | four | 4 | | four | 4 | 0 | four | 5 | -1 | five | 5 | 2 | five | 5 | -3 | five | 5 | 4 | five | 5 | -5 | five | 5 | -5 | five | 5 | | five | 5 | | five | 5 | 0 | five | 6 | -1 | six | 6 | 2 | six | 6 | -3 | six | 6 | 4 | six | 6 | -5 | six | 6 | -5 | six | 6 | | six | 6 | | six | 6 | 0 | six | 7 | -1 | seven | 7 | 2 | seven | 7 | -3 | seven | 7 | 4 | seven | 7 | -5 | seven | 7 | -5 | seven | 7 | | seven | 7 | | seven | 7 | 0 | seven | 8 | -1 | eight | 8 | 2 | eight | 8 | -3 | eight | 8 | 4 | eight | 8 | -5 | eight | 8 | -5 | eight | 8 | | eight | 8 | | eight | 8 | 0 | eight | 0 | -1 | zero | 0 | 2 | zero | 0 | -3 | zero | 0 | 4 | zero | 0 | -5 | zero | 0 | -5 | zero | 0 | | zero | 0 | | zero | 0 | 0 | zero | | -1 | null | | 2 | null | | -3 | null | | 4 | null | | -5 | null | | -5 | null | | | null | | | null | | 0 | null | | -1 | zero | | 2 | zero | | -3 | zero | | 4 | zero | | -5 | zero | | -5 | zero | | | zero | | | zero | | 0 | zero (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", ii, tt, kk FROM (J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL) AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); xxx | ii | tt | kk -----+----+-------+---- | 1 | one | -1 | 1 | one | 2 | 1 | one | -3 | 1 | one | 4 | 1 | one | -5 | 1 | one | -5 | 1 | one | | 1 | one | | 1 | one | 0 | 2 | two | -1 | 2 | two | 2 | 2 | two | -3 | 2 | two | 4 | 2 | two | -5 | 2 | two | -5 | 2 | two | | 2 | two | | 2 | two | 0 | 3 | three | -1 | 3 | three | 2 | 3 | three | -3 | 3 | three | 4 | 3 | three | -5 | 3 | three | -5 | 3 | three | | 3 | three | | 3 | three | 0 | 4 | four | -1 | 4 | four | 2 | 4 | four | -3 | 4 | four | 4 | 4 | four | -5 | 4 | four | -5 | 4 | four | | 4 | four | | 4 | four | 0 | 5 | five | -1 | 5 | five | 2 | 5 | five | -3 | 5 | five | 4 | 5 | five | -5 | 5 | five | -5 | 5 | five | | 5 | five | | 5 | five | 0 | 6 | six | -1 | 6 | six | 2 | 6 | six | -3 | 6 | six | 4 | 6 | six | -5 | 6 | six | -5 | 6 | six | | 6 | six | | 6 | six | 0 | 7 | seven | -1 | 7 | seven | 2 | 7 | seven | -3 | 7 | seven | 4 | 7 | seven | -5 | 7 | seven | -5 | 7 | seven | | 7 | seven | | 7 | seven | 0 | 8 | eight | -1 | 8 | eight | 2 | 8 | eight | -3 | 8 | eight | 4 | 8 | eight | -5 | 8 | eight | -5 | 8 | eight | | 8 | eight | | 8 | eight | 0 | 0 | zero | -1 | 0 | zero | 2 | 0 | zero | -3 | 0 | zero | 4 | 0 | zero | -5 | 0 | zero | -5 | 0 | zero | | 0 | zero | | 0 | zero | 0 | | null | -1 | | null | 2 | | null | -3 | | null | 4 | | null | -5 | | null | -5 | | null | | | null | | | null | 0 | | zero | -1 | | zero | 2 | | zero | -3 | | zero | 4 | | zero | -5 | | zero | -5 | | zero | | | zero | | | zero | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", tx.ii, tx.jj, tx.kk FROM (J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, e)) AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); xxx | ii | jj | kk -----+----+----+---- | 1 | 4 | -1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | -3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | -5 | 1 | 4 | -5 | 1 | 4 | | 1 | 4 | | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | -1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | -5 | 2 | 3 | -5 | 2 | 3 | | 2 | 3 | | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | -1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | -3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | -5 | 3 | 2 | -5 | 3 | 2 | | 3 | 2 | | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | -3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | -5 | 4 | 1 | -5 | 4 | 1 | | 4 | 1 | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | -1 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | -3 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 5 | 0 | -5 | 5 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | -1 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 6 | -3 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | -5 | 6 | 6 | -5 | 6 | 6 | | 6 | 6 | | 6 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 7 | -1 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 7 | -3 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 7 | -5 | 7 | 7 | -5 | 7 | 7 | | 7 | 7 | | 7 | 7 | 0 | 8 | 8 | -1 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 8 | -3 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 8 | -5 | 8 | 8 | -5 | 8 | 8 | | 8 | 8 | | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | | -1 | 0 | | 2 | 0 | | -3 | 0 | | 4 | 0 | | -5 | 0 | | -5 | 0 | | | 0 | | | 0 | | 0 | | | -1 | | | 2 | | | -3 | | | 4 | | | -5 | | | -5 | | | | | | | | | 0 | | 0 | -1 | | 0 | 2 | | 0 | -3 | | 0 | 4 | | 0 | -5 | | 0 | -5 | | 0 | | | 0 | | | 0 | 0 (99 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL a CROSS JOIN J2_TBL b; xxx | i | j | t | i | k | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+----+---+---- | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | | | null | 1 | -1 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | | | | null | 1 | -1 | | | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | | null | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | | | | null | 2 | 2 | | | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | 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eight | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 | | | null | 0 | | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 0 | | | | null | 0 | | 0 | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | | | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | | | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | | | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | | | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | | | | null | 0 | | | | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | | 1 | 4 | one | 0 | | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 0 | | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | 0 | | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | 0 | 0 | | zero | 0 | | | 0 | | | null | 0 | | | 0 | | 0 | zero | 0 | | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | | | 1 | -1 | | | null | | | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | | | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 2 | | | null | | | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | | | 3 | -3 | | | null | | | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | | | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 4 | | | null | | | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 | | | null | | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 | | | null | | | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | | 0 | | | | null | | | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | | | | 2 | 3 | two | | | | | 3 | 2 | three | | | | | 4 | 1 | four | | | | | 5 | 0 | five | | | | | 6 | 6 | six | | | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | | 0 | | zero | | | | | | | null | | | | | | 0 | zero | | | | | 1 | 4 | one | | | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | | | 0 | | | null | | | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | | | 0 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 | | | null | | 0 | 1 | -1 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 | | | null | | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 | | | null | | 0 | 3 | -3 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 | | | null | | 0 | 2 | 4 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 0 | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 0 | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 0 | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 0 | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 0 | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 0 | | | | null | | 0 | 0 | | | 0 | zero | | 0 | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | | | | null | | 0 | | | | 0 | zero | | 0 | | | 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | 0 | 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | 0 | 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | 0 | 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | 0 | 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | 0 | 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | 0 | 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | zero | | 0 | | 0 | | | null | | 0 | | 0 | | 0 | zero | | 0 | | 0 (891 rows) -- -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) -- -- -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) with USING clause -- The USING syntax changes the shape of the resulting table -- by including a column in the USING clause only once in the result. -- -- Inner equi-join on specified column SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL INNER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) -- Same as above, slightly different syntax SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d) USING (a) ORDER BY a, d; xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, b) USING (b) ORDER BY b, t1.a; xxx | b | a | c | a -----+---+---+-------+--- | 0 | 5 | five | | 0 | | zero | | 2 | 3 | three | 2 | 4 | 1 | one | 2 (4 rows) -- -- NATURAL JOIN -- Inner equi-join on all columns with the same name -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d); xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, a); xxx | a | b | c | d -----+---+---+------+--- | 0 | | zero | | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 (3 rows) -- mismatch number of columns -- currently, Postgres will fill in with underlying names SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a); xxx | a | b | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 (7 rows) -- -- Inner joins (equi-joins) -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.i); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+---- | 0 | | zero | 0 | | 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 (7 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.k); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+------+---+--- | 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 (3 rows) -- -- Non-equi-joins -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i <= J2_TBL.k); xxx | i | j | t | i | k -----+---+---+-------+---+--- | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 | 0 | | zero | | 0 (9 rows) -- -- Outer joins -- Note that OUTER is a noise word -- SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | zero | | | | null | (13 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | zero | | | | null | (13 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL RIGHT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | | | | 0 | | | | (9 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL RIGHT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | | | | 0 | | | | (9 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL FULL OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | null | | | 0 | zero | | | | | | | | | 0 (15 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL FULL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) ORDER BY i, t; xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-------+---- | 0 | | zero | | 1 | 4 | one | -1 | 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | two | 4 | 3 | 2 | three | -3 | 4 | 1 | four | | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 5 | 0 | five | -5 | 6 | 6 | six | | 7 | 7 | seven | | 8 | 8 | eight | | | | null | | | 0 | zero | | | | | | | | | 0 (15 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (k = 1); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+---+--- (0 rows) SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (i = 1); xxx | i | j | t | k -----+---+---+-----+---- | 1 | 4 | one | -1 (1 row) -- -- More complicated constructs -- -- UNION JOIN isn't implemented yet SELECT '' AS "xxx", * FROM J1_TBL UNION JOIN J2_TBL; ERROR: UNION JOIN is not implemented -- -- Multiway full join -- CREATE TABLE t1 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); CREATE TABLE t2 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); CREATE TABLE t3 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ( 'aa', 11 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'aa', 12 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'bb', 22 ); INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'dd', 42 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'aa', 13 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'bb', 23 ); INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'cc', 33 ); SELECT * FROM t1 FULL JOIN t2 USING (name) FULL JOIN t3 USING (name); name | n | n | n ------+----+----+---- aa | 11 | 12 | 13 bb | | 22 | 23 cc | | | 33 dd | | 42 | (4 rows) -- -- Test interactions of join syntax and subqueries -- -- Basic cases (we expect planner to pull up the subquery here) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 INNER JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- aa | 12 | 13 bb | 22 | 23 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- aa | 12 | 13 bb | 22 | 23 dd | 42 | (3 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM t3) s3 USING (name); name | n | n ------+----+---- aa | 12 | 13 bb | 22 | 23 cc | | 33 dd | 42 | (4 rows) -- Cases with non-nullable expressions in subquery results; -- make sure these go to null as expected SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ aa | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 bb | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL LEFT JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ aa | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 bb | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 dd | 42 | 2 | | (3 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------ aa | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 bb | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 cc | | | 33 | 3 dd | 42 | 2 | | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL INNER JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------+------+------ aa | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 (1 row) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 ------+------+------+------+------+------+------ aa | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 bb | | | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 cc | | | | | 33 | 3 dd | | | 42 | 2 | | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 ) ss2; name | s1_n | s2_n | s3_n ------+------+------+------ aa | 11 | 12 | 13 bb | | 22 | 23 cc | | | 33 dd | | 42 | (4 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT * FROM (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 NATURAL FULL JOIN (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 ) ss2; name | s1_n | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n ------+------+------+------+------ aa | 11 | 12 | 2 | 13 bb | | 22 | 2 | 23 cc | | | | 33 dd | | 42 | 2 | (4 rows) -- Test for propagation of nullability constraints into sub-joins create temp table x (x1 int, x2 int); insert into x values (1,11); insert into x values (2,22); insert into x values (3,null); insert into x values (4,44); insert into x values (5,null); create temp table y (y1 int, y2 int); insert into y values (1,111); insert into y values (2,222); insert into y values (3,333); insert into y values (4,null); select * from x; x1 | x2 ----+---- 1 | 11 2 | 22 3 | 4 | 44 5 | (5 rows) select * from y; y1 | y2 ----+----- 1 | 111 2 | 222 3 | 333 4 | (4 rows) select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 ----+----+----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 3 | | | 4 | 44 | 4 | 5 | | | (5 rows) select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 ----+----+----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 3 | | 3 | 333 4 | 44 | | 5 | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | 5 | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 4 | | | 5 | | | | | (5 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1 and xx2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | | 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 5 | | | | | (5 rows) -- these should NOT give the same answers as above select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (x2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 (3 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (y2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | (3 rows) select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) on (x1 = xx1) where (xx2 is not null); x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 ----+----+----+-----+-----+----- 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 (3 rows) -- -- regression test: check for bug with propagation of implied equality -- to outside an IN -- select count(*) from tenk1 a where unique1 in (select unique1 from tenk1 b join tenk1 c using (unique1) where b.unique2 = 42); count ------- 1 (1 row) -- -- Clean up -- DROP TABLE t1; DROP TABLE t2; DROP TABLE t3; DROP TABLE J1_TBL; DROP TABLE J2_TBL;